The Discovery Of Fluorine :: essays research papers

The isolation of fluorine had challenged chemist for many years, taking the lives of at least two scientists in the process. Fluorine receives its name from the Latin, fluo, meaning flow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first real attempt to free fluorine, was done by a chemist by the name of Humphyry Davy, between the years of (1811-1813). He first tried to liberate the element by using the chemical methods, but this failed. He then went on to try and electrolysis process using batteries. The problem with this was that the electrolytes used either produced Hydrogen and Oxygen or fluoric acid in vapor form, making it difficult to study. He then went on to fashion a electrochemical cell from horn silver because the hydrogen fluoride attacked glass. But this also failed , his hydrogen fluoride contained water. Davy gave up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard were able to create a liquid hydrogen fluoride free of water. But it doesn't conducted the electricity needed for electrolysis. Thus ended their weak attempts to create fluorine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1834, Faraday (God of Electrolysis), used the electrolysis of lead fluoride in platinum vessels to yield fluoride vapors, HORAA! But no after rigorous examination he too failed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then along came a student of Faraday, Henri Moissan, he used electrolysis with hydrogen fluoride and Fremy's method , the result ,a yellow gas fluoride. Finally after the loss several scientists lives, not to mention the pain and suffering felt at the hands of chemists while strange chemicals ate through their vital organs. All of this in the name of Science, and there quest to find new elements. That can accomplish many new wonderful things such as the separation of

Deception Point Page 79

Silent black helicopters. The conspiracy theorists were going nuts over these. Some claimed the invasion of silent black helicopters was proof of â€Å"New World Order storm troopers† under the authority of the United Nations. Others claimed the choppers were silent alien probes. Still others who saw the Kiowas in tight formation at night were deceived into thinking they were looking at fixed running lights on a much larger craft-a single flying saucer that was apparently capable of vertical flight. Wrong again. But the military loved the diversion. During a recent covert mission, Delta-One had flown a Kiowa armed with the most secretive new U.S. military technology-an ingenious holographic weapon nicknamed S M. Despite conjuring associations with sadomasochism, S M stood for â€Å"smoke and mirrors†-holographic images â€Å"projected† into the sky over enemy territory. The Kiowa had used S M technology to project holograms of U.S. aircraft over an enemy anti-aircraft installation. The panicked anti-aircraft gunners fired maniacally at the circling ghosts. When all of their ammunition was gone, the United States sent in the real thing. As Delta-One and his men lifted off the runway, Delta-One could still hear the words of his controller. You have another mark. It seemed an egregious under-statement considering their new target's identity. Delta-One reminded himself, however, that it was not his place to question. His team had been given an order, and they would carry it out in the exact method instructed-as shocking as that method was. I hope to hell the controller is certain this is the right move. As the Kiowa lifted off the runway, Delta-One headed southwest. He had seen the FDR Memorial twice, but tonight would be his first time from the air. 93 â€Å"This meteorite was originally discovered by a Canadian geologist?† Gabrielle Ashe stared in astonishment at the young programmer, Chris Harper. â€Å"And this Canadian is now dead?† Harper gave a grim nod. â€Å"How long have you known this?† she demanded. â€Å"A couple of weeks. After the administrator and Marjorie Tench forced me to perjure myself in the press conference, they knew I couldn't go back on my word. They told me the truth about how the meteorite was really discovered.† PODS is not responsible for finding the meteorite! Gabrielle had no idea where all of this information would lead, but clearly it was scandalous. Bad news for Tench. Great news for the senator. â€Å"As I mentioned,† Harper said, looking somber now, â€Å"the true way the meteorite was discovered was through an intercepted radio transmission. Are you familiar with a program called INSPIRE? The Interactive NASA Space Physics Ionosphere Radio Experiment.† Gabrielle had heard of it only vaguely. â€Å"Essentially,† Harper said, â€Å"it's a series of very low frequency radio receivers near the North Pole that listen to the sounds of the earth-plasma wave emissions from the northern lights, broadband pulses from lightning storms, that sort of thing.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"A few weeks ago, one of INSPIRE's radio receivers picked up a stray transmission from Ellesmere Island. A Canadian geologist was calling for help at an exceptionally low frequency.† Harper paused. â€Å"In fact, the frequency was so low that nobody other than NASA's VLF receivers could possibly have heard it. We assumed the Canadian was long-waving.† â€Å"I'm sorry?† â€Å"Broadcasting at the lowest possible frequency to get maximum distance on his transmission. He was in the middle of nowhere, remember; a standard frequency transmission probably would not have made it far enough to be heard.† â€Å"What did his message say?† â€Å"The transmission was short. The Canadian said he had been out doing ice soundings on the Milne Ice Shelf, had detected an ultradense anomaly buried in the ice, suspected it was a giant meteorite, and while taking measurements had become trapped in a storm. He gave his coordinates, asked for rescue from the storm, and signed off. The NASA listening post sent a plane from Thule to rescue him. They searched for hours and finally discovered him, miles off course, dead at the bottom of a crevasse with his sled and dogs. Apparently he tried to outrun the storm, got blinded, went off course, and fell into a crevasse.† Gabrielle considered the information, intrigued. â€Å"So suddenly NASA knew about a meteorite that nobody else knew about?† â€Å"Exactly. And ironically, if my software had been working properly, the PODS satellite would have spotted that same meteorite-a week before the Canadian did.† The coincidence gave Gabrielle pause. â€Å"A meteorite buried for three hundred years was almost discovered twice in the same week?† â€Å"I know. A little bizarre, but science can be like that. Feast or famine. The point is that the administrator felt like the meteorite should have been our discovery anyway-if I had done my job correctly. He told me that because the Canadian was dead, nobody would be the wiser if I simply redirected PODS to the coordinates the Canadian had transmitted in his SOS. Then I could pretend to discover the meteorite from scratch, and we could salvage some respect from an embarrassing failure.† â€Å"And that's what you did.† â€Å"As I said, I had no choice. I had let down the mission.† He paused. â€Å"Tonight, though, when I heard the President's press conference and found out the meteorite I'd pretended to discover contained fossils†¦ â€Å" â€Å"You were stunned.† â€Å"Bloody well floored, I'd say!† â€Å"Do you think the administrator knew the meteorite contained fossils before he asked you to pretend PODS found it?† â€Å"I can't imagine how. That meteorite was buried and untouched until the first NASA team got there. My best guess is that NASA had no idea what they'd really found until they got a team up there to drill cores and x-ray. They asked me to lie about PODS, thinking they'd have a moderate victory with a big meteorite. Then when they got there, they realized just how big a find it really was.† Gabrielle's breath was shallow with excitement. â€Å"Dr. Harper, will you testify that NASA and the White House forced you to lie about the PODS software?† â€Å"I don't know.† Harper looked frightened. â€Å"I can't imagine what kind of damage that would do to the agency†¦ to this discovery.† â€Å"Dr. Harper, you and I both know this meteorite remains a wonderful discovery, regardless of how it came about. The point here is that you lied to the American people. They have a right to know that PODS is not everything NASA says it is.† â€Å"I don't know. I despise the administrator, but my coworkers†¦ they are good people.† â€Å"And they deserve to know they are being deceived.† â€Å"And this evidence against me of embezzlement?† â€Å"You can erase that from your mind,† Gabrielle said, having almost forgotten her con. â€Å"I will tell the senator you know nothing of the embezzlement. It is simply a frame job-insurance set up by the administrator to keep you quiet about PODS.† â€Å"Can the senator protect me?† â€Å"Fully. You've done nothing wrong. You were simply following orders. Besides, with the information you've just given me about this Canadian geologist, I can't imagine the senator will even need to raise the issue of embezzlement at all. We can focus entirely on NASA's misinformation regarding PODS and the meteorite. Once the senator breaks the information about the Canadian, the administrator won't be able to risk trying to discredit you with lies.† Harper still looked worried. He fell silent, somber as he pondered his options. Gabrielle gave him a moment. She'd realized earlier that there was another troubling coincidence to this story. She wasn't going to mention it, but she could see Dr. Harper needed a final push.

Essay about Divisions of The Field of Economics - 1407 Words

Economics is the science that permits you to assess your companys position in the business cycle as needed. Economics works hand-in-hand with corporate strategy. While strategy addresses the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† of business decision-making, macroeconomics tries to pinpoint the â€Å"when† of strategic decisions. As a member of the management team in a growing business part of your responsibilities will be to analyze economic conditions and predict recessions and recoveries based on the business cycle. If you anticipate a recession, you will probably propose cutting production and trimming inventories. You may even have to downsize the company, either by layoffs, hiring freezes, curtailing capital spending, or any combination of the three; in†¦show more content†¦Macro Economics The field of economics is split into two distinct branches. Microeconomics covers the functioning of individual markets for goods and services. It addresses how these markets are structured and how the pricing of goods and services and production costs is determined. Micro economists believe it is the forces of supply and demand in any market eliminate any shortages or surpluses in that market. Using Adam Smiths invisible hand metaphor, competitive markets will provide the most efficient distribution of resources. Macroeconomics focuses on shifts in the business cycle, and the implications of these movements in economic growth, inflation, recession, productivity, budget deficits, trade deficits, and the value of our currency. Macroeconomists believe that the broader economy, composed of many goods and services will not always self-correct. Lengthy periods of unemployment and inflation can occur, as well as trade deficits; and it may take government intervention to remedy the situation. Therefore it may be necessary for government to periodically stimulate the economy during a recession or restrain the economy to slow inflation or decrease the value of the currency to improve the balance of trade. Government achieves this by applying fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policy tools. When government changes fiscal policy, it uses increased expenditures or more tax cuts to stimulate the economy. When it wants to fight inflation it can reduceShow MoreRelatedStoke City Case Study975 Words   |  4 PagesSeasons One to Three In division three, the lead-up to the first season was uneventful. But, after season one gameplay, Fulham was relegated to division three in place of the Wolverhampton Wanderers, lifting division three ATL to 4.28. Even so, the preparation for the second season saw little talent movement, with only Crystal Palace trading talent, acquiring one unit to own a total of five and increase division ATL to 4.43. 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